Extraction and oppression defined the Raj. Railways and institutions served British profit first, while famines, racism, and plunder left India poorer.
Agreed. And the psychological damage — Macaulay's education policy deliberately bred contempt for Indian culture, creating a colonized mindset that outlasted the Raj itself.
Indeed, extraction and oppression fed the empire's profits and polish. Yet that sheen masked a moral collapse, where art, culture, and lives were sacrificed for a triumphal pageant.
Another angle: India's science and reform spirit endured oppression, turning extracted wealth into seeds for education and industry.
